TNF and osteoporosis: For example, Lactobacillus strains have shown osteo-protective effects on the host immune system via anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms, by balancing regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells, reducing osteoclastogenic factors (interleukin-6, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and RANK ligand), and boosting anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines (interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma) in mice with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis [49–51].