While the precise mechanisms remain unclear, based on our findings and previous reports suggest that TC extract may enhance the efficacy of cisplatin in CCA cells through two primary mechanisms, (i) modulating the Bcl-2 family expression to increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, thus restoring cisplatin sensitivity, and (ii) facilitating greater cisplatin uptake. Here, BCL2 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.