These authors demonstrated significant increases in 15 mediators in 19 children with burns greater than 40% TBSA including interleukin (IL) -1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p70, IL-13, IL-17, interferon gamma, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.6 Finally, specific immunomodulators have been associated with either SIRS or death in burn patients including: TNF-alpha, IL-1ra, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF, INF-gamma, and MIP-1beta.5,12,15–17. Here, TNF is linked to systemic inflammatory response syndrome.