They upregulate the expression of CD103, CD49a, and some inhibitory receptors, along with impaired cancer-killing effects.663 The cancer-specific phenotypes of NK cells are caused by cytokines within TME, like TGF-β, PGE-2, and IL-15.663 The roles of trNK cells in cancer immunity are seemingly dichotomous, but the specific mechanisms are unclear. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.