ITGAE and cancer: CD103 serves as a co-stimulator for TCR-mediated cancer-killing signals.616 In addition, TGF-β, IL-33, and IFN-γ could induce the formation of CD8+TRM cells.219 TGF-β promotes CD8+TRM cells to express CD103 and enhances their adhesion to E-cadherin on epithelial cancer cells.193,617,618 Mechanically, the recruitment and phosphorylation of ILK are induced by TGF-β binding to TFGBR.