TNF and malaria: Liver-CD8+TRM cells elicited by the immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites will possess specific transcriptional profiles.576 Pathogen-specific CD8+TRM cells mediate the malaria-killing immune responses by generating IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 to destroy parasite-infected hepatocytes.227,577 Many studies are employing vaccines to treat malaria with the primary objective of eliciting malaria-specific liver-resident CD8+TRM cells, and the treatment outcomes are favorable.578–581