TNF and cancer: ILCs also get involved in cancer immunity, and their phenotypes will be reshaped within TME.660,661 In the MMTV-PyMT mammary tumor model, IL-15 promotes the establishment of a tissue-resident ILC1s subgroup termed type 1-like ILCs, which exhibit cytotoxic functions against cancer cells by producing GZMB, IFN-γ, and TNF-α.638 In contrast, IL-13 produced by ILC2s is correlated with poor prognosis of cancer patients.278 ILC3s reshape the TIME of intestine cancers, and the IL-22 secreted by them promotes tumor development,662 suggesting that ILC2 and ILC3 cells play immunosuppressive roles.