TP53 and melanoma: Consistency with this fact Co3O4NPs induced apoptosis demonstrated in melanoma A-375 cells can be attributed to the noticed concurrent marked upregulation of Bcl2 gene expression alongside with significant down regulation of p53 and mitochondrial ND3.The downregulation of p53 and ND3 gene expression sets up a cellular environment marked by unchecked DNA damage, impaired mitochondrial function, and increased oxidative stress27,31,32.