Additionally, azvudine regulated the interactions from other tumor immune cells to CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells through ligand‒receptor pairs such as COL1A2‒(ITGA1 + ITGB1), CCL4‒CCR5, CCL6‒CCR2, and CXCL16‒CXCR6 (Supplementary Fig. 13). Here, CCL4 is linked to neoplasm.