Our evaluation of both strain-level α-diversity (i.e., the microbial diversity within a sample) and β-diversity (i.e., the microbial diversity between groups) found statistically significant differences in both diversity metrics between the total bacteria of patients with MS and that of controls (Figure 2, A and B), in contrast to previous studies.4,9 When analyzing IgA+ and IgA– bacterial fractions separately, we did not find significant differences in α- or β-diversity between patients with untreated MS and controls (eFigure 2). Here, CD79A is linked to myeloid sarcoma.