In addition, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies adalimumab and teprotumumab, which have been utilized in the clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (22, 23, 53), succeeded in blocking intimal CX3CR1+ macrophage–induced VSMC inflammation in the current study, suggesting that the application of adalimumab and teprotumumab targeting the proinflammatory cytokines produced by intimal CX3CR1+ macrophages could also be a potential MFS-related TAA therapy. Here, CX3CR1 is linked to autoimmune disease.