Accordingly, several studies reported a negative effect of concurrent helminth infection on the humoral response to malaria, seen in the reduction of P. falciparum-specific IgG (Ateba-Ngoa et al., 2016), IgG1 and IgG3, and a rise in IgG4 (Roussilhon et al., 2010; Courtin et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene IGHG3 and malaria.