TXN and cancer: In addition, thioredoxins have been shown to exhibit a broad range of functions in studies on individuals in both healthy and diseased states, including immune modulation, cell signaling, transcription regulation, chemoresistance, apoptosis inhibition, and the promotion of cancer cell growth (Arner and Holmgren, 2000; Jia et al., 2019; Gencheva and Arner, 2022).