EPO and anemia (phenotype): The prevalence of anemiawas 64% in CKD patients1 and as high as90% among patients receiving chemotherapy.2 Emerging studies demonstrated that anemia negatively influencedthe quality of life and increased the incidence of cardiovasculardisease and mortality among these patients.3,4 Themechanisms by which CKD and chemotherapy cause anemia are multifactorial.In CKD, anemia is primarily caused by relative impaired erythropoietin(EPO) production and/or EPO responsiveness.5 CIA, on the other hand, is mainly caused by myelosuppression.6