However, separate investigations have revealed post-mortem ALS spinal cord infiltration by macrophages and T cells, including caspase-positive neurons, IL-6- and TNF-α-positive macrophages.16 Aggregated superoxide dismutase-1 treatment of these macrophages led to the activation of cyclooxy-genase-2 and caspase-1 and to the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, a process that could be inhibited using lipid mediator resolvin D1 (RvD1). Here, TNF is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.