The limitations notwithstanding, the clinical evidence reported herein, combined with compelling earlier preclinical evidence that neutralizing OxPLs promotes bone formation and prevents age-related bone loss in both male and female mice14–16, supports our overall working hypothesis that increasing anti-PC IgM antibodies pharmacologically may be a novel therapeutic approach to simultaneously treat two of the most common pathologies of old age in humans, osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. Here, CD40LG is linked to atherosclerosis.