Overall, these findings are of a high importance, and if we can demonstrate that downregulation of TGF-β1, VEGF and PD-L1 in vivo can produce a long-lasting response and mitigate resistance when using effective, non-toxic doses of selenium compounds in combination with other ccRCC treatment options, this would promote the initiation of a new clinical trial in patients with advanced ccRCC. Here, TGFB1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.