The forty-seven primary ccRCC tumors (obtained from previously untreated patients; forty-three being non-sarcomatoid and four being sarcomatoid) with matching adjacent normal tissues were analyzed to determine the relative expression levels of TGF-β1, PD-L1 and VEGF (Fig. 1C; western blots corresponding to Fig. 1C are provided in supplementary figure S1). Here, VEGFA is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.