TLR4 and celiac disease: However,as part of a diet containing wheat-based products, these inhibitorshave shown to interfere with the activity of digestive enzymes, causinggastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in humans.13 ATIs are of interest due to their potential to exacerbate immuneresponses in individuals affected by either celiac disease or NCWS.Indeed, ATIs can trigger immune responses by activating Toll-likereceptor 4 (TLR4), thereby promoting inflammatory conditions.5,17