In unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models, VEGF-C released from macrophages drives lymphangiogenesis which reflects macrophage produced VEGF-C activation of CCR2-mediated PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway as well as through hyaluronan and toll-like receptor 4-dependent signaling [30, 33–35]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFC and Ureteral obstruction.