In light of these reports, a recent work investigated the potential of artificial extracellular vesicles (aEVs) with the presentation of PD-L1 and Gal-9 ligands (PD-L1–Gal-9 aEVs) as a treatment for T1D, with the findings published in Diabetes. Notably, the PD-L1–Gal-9 aEVs demonstrated the capacity to induce apoptosis of T cells and the formation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, thereby maintaining immune tolerance. Here, CD274 is linked to diabetes mellitus.