LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Researchers have investigated several promising biomarkers, including dickkopf-3 (DKK-3) [14], soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) [15], kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) [16], neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) [17], and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 × insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (TIMP-2 × IGFBP-7) [18], and have supported their potential utility in prognostication and AKI staging for patients with sepsis.