Furthermore, the ESCORT-1, ORIENT-15 and JUPITER-06 trials showed that the anti-PD-1 antibodies camrelizumab, sintilimab and toripalimab prolonged overall survival when added to chemotherapy in Asian patient populations.38–40 Immunotherapy has also changed the landscape of second-line treatment of advanced or metastatic ESCC, which had only a few options previously. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.