Increased input from sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers promotes malignant transformation and tumor growth, whereas parasympathetic input has the opposite effect.342–344 Several studies are currently investigating the benefits of a beta-blocker (inhibition of sympathetic input) or bethanechol, a muscarinic receptor agonist (increasing the parasympathetic input) in PDAC.327 Another promising strategy is the inhibition of PDAC-mediated NGF production, which significantly attenuated tumor-nerve interaction in animal models and thus had a significant tumor-suppressing effect.345. Here, NGF is linked to neoplasm.