TNF and colitis: Additionally, the Rnf128−/−→Rnf128+/+ group presented increased macrophage infiltration, fewer Ki67-positive cells and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (Il-1β and Tnf-α) in the serum of the mice with colitis than the Rnf128+/+→ Rnf128+/+ group (Fig. 4G–K).