TNF and neoplasm: Interestingly, TNF-α + IL-1β have been shown to stimulate prometastatic chemokine expression (CXCL8, CCL2, and CCL5) and aggressive characteristics in TNBC cell lines, mediated in part by direct CAF-tumor cell contact in cocultures (40), consistent with proximity between putative poor-prognosis CAFs and tumor cells in spatial LDA neighborhoods.