TNF and osteoporosis: The top 20 pathways related to osteoporosis are demonstrated in Fig. (6b), which principally comprise the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway, etc. These are the underlying signaling mechanisms of Panax notoginseng for osteoporosis.