The challenges of diagnosing HFpEF have been recently addressed through risk scores such as the H2FPEF score and the Heart Failure Association Pre-test assessment, Echocardiographic and NT-proBNP testing, Functional testing and Final aetiology (HFA-PEFF) score.46 47 These scores use a combination of risk factors, NT-proBNP results and echocardiographic parameters to determine the likelihood of HFpEF. Here, NPPB is linked to heart failure.