We further tested the H2O2-sensing ability of bHLH25 in vivo in rice protoplasts by increasing H2O2 levels with OsRBOHA, which encodes an NADPH oxidase responsible for H2O2 production upon pathogen infection.35 Rice protoplasts co-overexpressing bHLH25 and OsRBOHA displayed higher H2O2 levels and higher M256 oxidization levels than control protoplasts co-overexpressing bHLH25 and HA proteins (Supplementary information, Fig. S12e). Here, FMO5 is linked to infection.