In coordinance with our findings, Chen et al. 2018 reported an up-regulation of CD38 in lung cancer and melanoma cells from murine models chronically exposed to PD-1/PD-L1inhibitors, which enhances ADO signaling, suppressing the CD8+ T-cell function, thus allowing an escape pathway from the immune system and used targeted therapy25. The gene discussed is ADO; the disease is melanoma.