Our comprehensive study, which thoroughly investigated the link between elevated CD38 expression and extracellular ADO production with the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, uncovered a positive correlation between sPD-L1, sPD-1, sADO, and CD38 expression in all mature B-cell lymphoma patients. Here, SPDL1 is linked to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.