Compared to the non-solid component, tumor cells in the solid component showed upregulation of metastasis-promoting genes (SERPINA132, CXCL1433and FTL34; Supplementary Fig. 2.4a, Supplementary Table S5), and pathways including ‘oxidative phosphorylation’, ‘glycolysis’, ‘interferon alpha response’, ‘interferon gamma response’, and the ‘reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway’ (Fig. 2h), suggesting that metabolic alterations and oxidative stress may be associated with the progression of non-solid nodules to solid adenocarcinoma. Here, IFNG is linked to neoplasm.