Additionally, the abnormal structure of tumor vasculature leads to hypoxia, which suppresses effector immune cell activity and drives the production of immunosuppressive factors such as VEGF, IL-10 (interleukin-10), and TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta), while also promoting PD-L1 upregulation, thereby facilitating immune evasion[182]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.