TNF and infection: bDMARDs and tsDMARDs are associated with increased risk of infections compared with csDMARDs.[159,160,161] Therefore, for all patients receiving bD-MARDs or tsDMARDs, special attention should be paid not only to the aforementioned adverse events related to TNFα inhibitors and JAK inhibitors, but also to the risk of various infections, especially respiratory tract infections (including influenza virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, etc.)and herpes zoster.