CASP3 and neoplasm: In triple-negative breast cancer, Clostridiales-derived trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) , also an important metabolite within the gut microbiota, induces tumor cell pyroptosis via the PERK pathway.[3] This process, characterized by increased cleaved caspase-3 and gasdermin E (GSDME), activates CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity.