The up-regulated genes were found to be related to inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway, to response to insulin signal, and to various metabolic activities such as the expression of cation amino acid transporters and Thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), mutations in which are associated with mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) [35]. Here, INS is linked to mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy.