On the other hand, S100-βactivates inflammatory pathways, stimulating microglia and astrocytes to releasepro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), further exacerbatingneuroinflammation and contributing to the onset of mental disorders [21, 23]. Here, TNF is linked to psychiatric disorder.