TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, attenuated S. typhimurium has been engineered to express therapeutic molecules, including cytosine deaminase (Mesa‐Pereira et al. 2015), TNF‐α (Yoon et al. 2011), mitomycin C (Pawelek, Low, and Bermudes 2003) herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Soghomonyan et al. 2005), and colicin E3 (Leschner and Weiss 2010), thereby augmenting its anti‐tumour efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.