Lastly, given the potential impact of sperm/seminal microbiome and sperm DNA fragmentation on semen quality and reproductive outcomes [6, 49–55, 58–60], research is needed to investigate the effects of LH-containing gonadotropins on these parameters. These efforts are anticipated to improve patient care and promote the discovery of innovative pharmacological treatment options for male infertility. Here, PLOD1 is linked to male infertility.