IL1B and Alzheimer disease: While JAK/STAT signaling can shift microglia to M1 or M2, chronic inflammation signals in AD like IFN-γ and IL-6 continuously activate STAT1/STAT3 pathways leading to increases of inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 increasing NF-κB, p38 and JAK/STAT activation [128,129].