SIGMAR1 and neurodegenerative disease: Blarcamesine has demonstrated in-vivo ability to improve elderly immune systems by making cells more able to clear out their waste, in a process called autophagy enhancement [20], and SIGMAR1 activation drives pro-survival pathways including mitochondrial function [21], lipid metabolism [22], and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response [15], all known to be relevant in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.