EPHA2 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: EPHA2 is typically found on the membrane of epithelial cells in healthy tissues and interacts with its ligand, Ephrin A1, which is located on the surface of neighboring cells.15 The mechanism of EPHA2 in cancer progression is complex; elevated EphA2 concentrations are associated with a poor prognosis for esophageal cancers and glioblastomas and promote the growth and spread of several malignant tumor cells.36–39 Additionally, EphA2 is highly expressed in ccRCC, increasing the migration and invasion capabilities of ccRCC cells.19