Blood and imaging biomarkers such as NT-pro-BNP, troponins, markers of inflammation, haemostatic markers, and echocardiographic surrogate markers of atrial cardiomyopathy (e.g., left atrial diameter, volume, emptying fraction, or strain) could be options, but they have to prove their ability to better predict stroke in patients with DDAF. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and Stroke.