IRAK1 and irritable bowel syndrome: Indeed, the potential mechanism of butyrate’s action in IBS was recently explored in a combination of in vitro and experimental mice models which demonstrated that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is positively associated with visceral hypersensitivity, while treatment with sodium butyrate reduced this hypersensitivity by inhibiting IRAK1 expression [34].