IGF1 and prostate cancer: IGF1 isoforms also impact lung cancer (LC), osteosarcoma (OS), prostate cancer (PC), thyroid cancer (TC) and other neuroendocrine neoplasms where IGF1-Ec plays an oncogenic role by stimulating proliferation, progression through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis via ERK1/ERK2 activation [26,58,74,75,77,82].