Chloramphenicol, a Gram-negative-targeting antibiotic, is able to induce autophagy; in a preclinical study conducted by Hsu et al., chloramphenicol decreased the levels of hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and glucose transporter 1 (GT-1) and induced autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines [85]. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and non-small cell lung carcinoma.