ATF4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Gwinn et al. reported that, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the PI3K-AKT pathway, downstream of KRAS signaling, modulates the activity of NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) to regulate ATF4 and the ATF4 target ASNS, which results in asparagine biosynthesis and amino acid uptake during nutrient depletion.