TNF and atherosclerosis: The regulation of the expression of transcription factors due to a high-fat diet and atherosclerosis, like the activation of NF-κB, leads to increased secretion of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), suggesting that an HFD plays a critical role in atherosclerosis involving epigenetics [68,69].