Histologically, CIN was characterized by glomerular and tubular injury and significant macrophage influx and tubular apoptosis, as well as markedly increased levels of plasma and renal IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and impaired renal antioxidant status compared to HC rats (p < 0.001). Here, TNF is linked to cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia.