CCND1 and posterior cortical atrophy: This effect is coupled with the downregulation of proto-oncogenes, such as c-Myc and Cyclin D1, alongside a robust upregulation of p21, while p16 expression remains unchanged; additionally, the sodium butyrate-mediated increase in ROS underscores the epigenetic interplay between HDAC inhibition and senescence, highlighting a potent avenue for tumor suppression in PCa.