Endothelial wall damage may be caused by maternal smoking, fetal inflammatory response to infection (funisitis), or meconium-induced vascular necrosis, while hypercoagulability may be associated with acquired or hereditary maternal or fetal thrombophilia, including antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, protein C or S deficiencies, or factor V Leiden mutation [22,37]. Here, F5 is linked to Rare hereditary thrombophilia.