Further, when evaluating the top 25 significantly upregulated DEGs in French bulldogs that were simultaneously not significantly upregulated in boxers and Boston terriers, among the protein-coding DEGs (TAC1, PTGS2, FGG, VEPH1, GPRC5A, SIX4, MEDAG, TEX26, NPAS4, HPCA, DRD2, GJD2, PTX3, WIPF3, SFRP4, DAW1, and BAG3), many of these DEGs have known roles in glioma. Here, NPAS4 is linked to central nervous system cancer.