HCAR2 and enteritis: have demonstrated that the absence of HCAR2 exacerbates sepsis progression, while its immunoregulatory function has been confirmed in inflammatory conditions, such as enteritis and neuroinflammation.[20, 28, 29] Our results indicate that HCAR2 deficiency exacerbates the inflammatory response, compromises barrier integrity, and promotes increased bacterial colonization within the mammary gland.