Subsequent studies found that HLA-DR + CD38-CD4 + T cells, an atherosclerosis inflammation related marker, were significantly reduced in dyslipidemia patients who received pitavastatin calcium treatment.[46] These pieces of evidence suggest that HLA DR + CD4 + AC is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, hinting that it is an indirect risk factor for HF. Here, CD38 is linked to atherosclerosis.