CD86 and atherosclerosis: CD86 is an important co-stimulatory molecule that is significantly upregulated in the peripheral blood of atherosclerotic patients and in DC induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein.[41,42] Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of HF in many patients and is associated with long-term hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.[43] Therefore, CD86 may indirectly increase the risk of HF by increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, suggesting that CD62L− CD86 + myeloid DC %DC is a potential risk factor for HF.