DMD and Cognitive impairment: In human DMD, increased prevalence of cognitive deficits (Ackerman et al., 1996; Felisari et al., 2000; Hinton et al., 2000, 2001; Nardes et al., 2012; Rae & O'Malley, 2016; Snow et al., 2013) implicates dystrophin in physiological processes underpinning learning and other behaviours.