CP and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Module-2 genes included several markers of a previously described EMT “meta program”60 and ceruloplasmin (CP), previously associated with high ccRCC grade and poor patient prognosis and which may mediate tumor-stroma crosstalk.9 Module-3 genes were characteristic of damaged/injured PTs, including immediate-early transcription factors and inflammation markers.19,61,62 Immunostaining for representative genes from each module confirmed heterogeneous protein expression (Figure S11).