VCAM1 and cancer: We observed similar heterogeneity in these modules in PT cells from normal kidney, which also resembled previously described modules identified in normal PTs.19,20,26,28,53,62,65,66,70 Generally, these separate normal PTs into two main cell states: a well-differentiated state and an injured-like state marked by VCAM1 expression, analogous to our recurrent cancer cell states marked by Module-1 and Module-3, respectively.